Compare & Contrast Hinduism and Buddhism in Ancient India Essay

Compare & Contrast Hinduism and Buddhism in Ancient India - Essay Example This paper will look at the similarities and differences between these two religions in ancient India. Both of these religions which flourished in India recognize the need of man to "escape from the wheel of life." Buddhism and Hinduism teach that man is in a quest to achieve a state where he is freed from all the sufferings of this life. In Hinduism, this is through a transcendental union while the goal of Buddhism is to reach nirvana or become enlightened (Buddha). Both of the religions believe in karma or reaping the fruits of one's actions through reincarnation. These religions teach that a man's life now is the result of what his actions in his past life. Man is not released from the cycle of life unless he attains enlightenment. The basic foundation of a religion is often built on its doctrine of who god is. This is because a religion's god becomes the center of worship. The teachings of Buddhism traces back to the life of Gautama who sought to determine the cause and the cure of human suffering. After enjoying happiness from being the prince in his kingdom, he also exposed himself to sufferings. His prescription is to that a man should live the a life in the middle of these extremes-the middle path. Buddhism therefore doesn't teach salvation through a powerful being becoming a religion which doesn't worship any god. On the other hand, Hinduism is a polytheistic religion worshipping the trinity of god comprised of Brahman, Vishnu, and Shiva and other 33,000 dieties. Another difference between Buddhism and Hinduism is their beliefs on the placement of man in the society. It should be noted that as Buddhism teaches the middle path as the perfect way a man can live his life, it strongly pushes for equality among the members of the society. Buddhism teaches that no man should be deprived of the pleasures and life at the same time that no one should be given to sufferings. This ideology pushes for the eradication of the caste society where man is classified according to his social status. In direct contrast, Hinduism adheres to a hierarchical society where some should lead others in order for the society to function efficiently. Thus, the caste system is only just and should be practiced in the whole India. The ends of the two religions are marked by the emergence of a more popular religious belief. In the case of Buddhism, the wide acceptance of Hinduism marks its downfall. The teachings of this religion become confusing to the people with its division into two factions namely, Theravada and Mahayana. With the rise of a hierarchical society which is lead by the wealthy families during the time, its hold in the Indian society is therefore weakened. On the same way, the end of Hinduism is commenced by the arrival of Islam which also introduced new ideas in the society. Instead of ascribing to the polytheistic nature of Hinduism, Islam introduced the worship of only one god as well as the revives the belief on egalitarianism.

Bill Gates Speech Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates Speech Essay William B. Gates, also known as Bill Gates was welcomed on October 28th, 1955 by his father William Gates II and his mother Mary Gates. Gates attended a public school and also the private Lakeside School. There, he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers at age 13. Today I would like to inform you about William B. Gates the founder of Microsoft, his life before Microsoft, his career, and his accomplishments. As a child, Bill Gates was very competitive, curious and a deep thinker, that is when his parents decided to enroll him in the private preparation school lakeside, where he soon excelled. Bill Gates was surrounded by historical events at a young age, like when Apolo eleven took men to the moon, this event inspired him because a huge computer was involved. When Bill Gates was in high school he would spend hours upon hours in the computer room. He graduated in 1973 from Lakeside and was accepted by the prestigious university of Harvard, where he had no definite career plan. He loved to stay up all day and night, he spent more time in the computer lab then he did in the classroom, that was his true craze. Soon he met Steve Balmer, who lived down the hall from him at Harvard. Balmer is now Microsoft’s chief executive officer. While at Harvard Gates developed a programing language called BASIC, for the first microcomputer. In his junior year gates left Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he begun in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Alan. His belief was the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desk and in every home. So they began developing software for personal computers. Gates foresight and vision was the success of Microsoft and the software industry. Under gates leadership Microsoft’s mission has been to improve software technology and to make it easier, cost effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. In 1999 gates wrote business @ the speed of thought, the book was published in 25 languages and available in more than 60 countries. Was on the bestseller list of new york times, USA today, the wall street journal and amazon. com. Gates has donated the proceeds of the book to a nonprofit organization that support the use of technology and education and skills development. William Bill Gates is chairman of Microsoft Corporation the world wide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and buisnesses realizes their full potential. In 2008 Bill Gates transitioned out of a day to day role in the company to spend more time on his global health and education work at the Bill and Malinda Gates foundation. Gates Continues to serve as Microsoft s chairman and advisor on key development projects. In conclusion William B. Gates is considered a role model to many people, in many different ways. He has many accomplishments that have made him into the successful businessman he is today. Bill gates changed the way the world operates and functions, he made life easier for humans to live in. In 4 seconds he earns $250, in 24 hours he earns 20 million, and in a year he earns 7. 8 billion dollars. All this due to his co-founding the multi-billion dollar company that is Microsoft today. And as bill gates once said â€Å" be nice to nerds, because youll probably be working for one. †

Sakis Stories and the Impression they Create about Adult-Child Relatio

Saki's Stories and the Impression they Create about Adult-Child Relationships In order to answer this question I am going to be focusing on three of Saki?s stories; the story-teller, the lumber room and the open window. Children at the time Hector Munro (Saki) was writing these stories would have had very vivid imagination; this is shown in Saki's story 'The Open Window' when the niece makes up the saga of Mr Sappleton's death, illustrates how imaginative children can be, and that adults are very easily fooled. Fooling adults is a key theme in Saki's stories; another time when it occurs is in the story 'The Lumber Room' when Nicholas dupes his aunt into believing that he is somehow trying to get into the gooseberry garden, but instead has no intention of doing so but does sn...

The Physics of Basketball Essays -- Physics Essays

The Physics of Basketball Introduction Any child can pick up a basketball, bounce it a few times, and throw it at the hoop without realizing the complex physics he is involving himself in. However, a greater understanding of the sport can be gained by applying the principles of physics to these actions. Through this paper I will be examining the physics of dribbling and shooting. For the equations, I will use a standard men’s basketball with a mass of 25 oz. (0.7 kg) and a diameter of 9.39†. Dribbling If the basketball was simply dropped from a height of 1 meter with no initial push from the dribbler and rebounded from the floor in a perfectly elastic collision, Mechanical Energy for the system would be conserved (1). However, the collision is not completely elastic and the dribbler pushes the ball with an initial force to ensure that it returns to his hand. To simplify the process I will first consider a situation in which the ball is allowed to fall freely from a height of 1 meter and has a perfectly elastic collision with the floor. After that I will take the true nature of the collision with the floor and the force applied by the dribbler into consideration. Because Mechanical Energy (ME) is equal to Kinetic Energy (KE) plus Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) and Mechanical Energy is conserved, I know that the initial KE + GPE at 1 meter equals the KE + GPE just before it impacts the ground. If KE =  ½ mv2 and initial velocity is zero, then the initial Kinetic Energy is zero. GPE would equal mass X gravity X height. Assuming mass is 0.7 kg, gravity is 9.8 m/s2 , and the height is 1 meter, then GPE is equal to 7.0 kg * m2/s2. Conversely, the GPE would be zero just before impact because height is zero but KE wo... ...with no spin (1). Therefore, giving the ball backspin decreases the force necessary to propel a basketball a certain distance because it will not fall as quickly. Understanding the physics of shooting and dribbling a basketball may not increase the enjoyment of watching the NBA finals, but it may help improve a basketball player’s skill. If he can find the right force necessary to propel the ball back to his hand when dribbling and realizes the importance of giving the ball a chance to fall down into the rim, he will be better off for the next game. Works Cited 1.Kirkpatrick, L. D., & Wheeler, G. F. (2001). Physics: A World View. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers. 2.How Things Work. Louis A. Bloomfield. Retrieved April 2003. http://howthingswork.virginia.edu/bouncing_ball.html 3. Spalding basketball - http://www.spalding.com/faq/basketball.html#Q7

Essay on Eletronic Media

Electronic media such as the Internet, e-books and tablet readers may be having an effect on the print media sector. This essay finds out if there is any validity to this argument. Digital media does seem to have had an impact on the modern world, both affecting the online world and the offline business sectors, as well as world markets. It has certainly affected the communications sector and so it is plausible that it has affected print media too. (G5lo, 2013). Since the year 2003, the amount of printed material in use for recreational purposes has gone down whilst the use of TV and other electronic media has gone up.This may indicate that digital media is having a direct influence on print media. (Wala, 2009). Children are being encouraged towards digital media because there is more of it and because it is easier for parents when trying to entertain children. This means that children will grow to love digital media whilst ignoring print media. This is going to affect the print medi a sector in the long run. (Farnia, 2012). Print media is easier to use and read which may be why it has not sunk out of our society completely.But, the read availability, convenience and price of digital media means that it may soon replace print media permanently. (Withers, 2012). Studying may always rely on reading material, which begs the question of whether print media is going to fall from existence completely. It would appear that the transition from print media to digital media has been a lot slower in the academic world. And yet, it is conceivable that print media will be replaced by more convenient tablet devices in the future. (Ezeji, 2012).AnalysisData does suggest that digital media is having an influence on the popularity of printed media, and that children are going to grow up to be fond of digital media. Print media is easier to read, but that is just one benefit of print media, where digital media has many benefits. Evaluation The evidence points towards the fact tha t digital media is influencing print media. But, the sliding popularity of print media may be more to do with social factors such as children are reading less. On the other hand, the benefits of digital media do seem to significantly outweigh the benefits of printed media.Conclusion Even though the reasons for the decline of print media popularity are unclear, it cannot be argued that digital media is rising. It may be rising as it replaces printed media, or it may be pushing printed media out of the arena. The two factors may be completely unrelated, but given the evidence provided on this essay, and the subsequent analysis and evaluation, I conclude that digital media is influencing print media. Electronic and Printed Media in American Pop Culture Radio, television, music, motion pictures, magazines, newspapers, etc, all are very influential in American popular culture.All of these types of media play a similar role, which is to decide the standard for American pop culture at that moment in time. All which focus on 3 major trends: style, health, and taste (interest). They all have their own way that they impact the way we think and impact our opinions, thus shaping what American popular culture will be. For example, let us take electronic media, electronic media being the radio, music, and television/motion pictures. They all influence the 3 major trends: health, style, and your interest.Health, it is single handedly one of the most important trends in popular culture. Turn on the television and you are guaranteed to see a minimum of 3-4 weight loss commercials, and the same counts for radio. It is filled with advertising commercials of gyms, workout regiments, and muscle building supplements. TV/motion pictures and music are the most important in this portraying this message of health. You hear and see about musicians and actors/actresses losing weight or whatever is necessary to portray a perfect image.By no means am I arguing that it is not important to b e healthy and to be in shape, but a growing trend in American pop culture is that it is less than accepted to be a larger size. There is much pressure for people to be thin, and because it is the more accepted trend people are willing to go through anything to reach that perfect pop culture image to make their selves feel happier and more accepted. Nowadays, another very popular means of social interaction and propagation that has emerged along with the print Media is the rise of Electronic Media.The birth of electronic media took place with the invention of Radio when a single voice mile away thrilled millions across the continents who marveled at this miraculous hearing of a voice. People wondered and were over-joyed with this great invention. It was the beginning of an entirely new era. Science was hailed as the mistress of all knowledge become it had made the impossible happen – a voice travelled and reached every nook and corner of the word. Owning a radio becomes a symb ol of pride and social status.When the voices get a face through Television, the people were left aghast. How could they see a person sitting miles away? And that hear him? So clearly so closely? It was the miracle of miracle, wonder of wonder. Science is a park of magical things. Television is a revolution in itself. The whole get shrunk into that one room of the house. The on September 15, 1959, Doordarshan was inaugurated in India. It was a great privilege to have a Television set every evening either to watch Chaupal or Humlog or Chitrahaar.Sunday were the eagerly awaited days with the Sunday Feature-film and then in the late 80s and early 90s with the nine to ten show or Ramanand Sagar’s epic creation â€Å"The Ramayana† and later BR Chopra’s ‘The Mahabharata’ The entire nation used to come to a standstill with great love, respect and interest the greatest epics of all times dramatized on the silver screen. These also reflect upon the social im pact that television has. With the introduction of cable Television in 1993, electronic media has emerged as a greatest social force than ever. Gone are the days when television was a monopoly of a few rice.Now the ‘Idiot box’ as it has been called by many is found in every home, shop and office. Television now has invaded not only every home, but every sphere of life. In fact, in some way or the other television now-a-days dictates our life. It has invaded and cut shot our social life . People prefers to watch television instead of visiting people or socializing. It has severed all homely conversations around the hearth. People don’t want to talk to each other as they don’t want to miss even a single image displayed on the Idiot-Box. Thus, Families sit around as strangers watching sacrificing their family bonds at the alter of Television.Visitors too are unwelcome when the favourite serial or movies is being aired. Moreover, with the host of channels, Tel evision is also responsible for quarrels within the families for people wanting to watch different programmes on different channels at the same time. But blaming Television for all this solely would be an utter foolishness. Such things happen when human beings are enslaved by technology, when they let such thing to guide their lives and master them. If used judiciously, the electronic media can prove to be very useful, educationally as well as socially, political and economically.TV can in fact, be used to as a powerful medium to spread social awareness among the illiterate masses against various social evils. Discussions on various topics can help the educated masses increase their intellectual abilities and widen their horizons. The various news channels keep the vigilant citizens updated. Channels like Discovery and national Geographic keep the inquisitive mind busy and satisfy every intellectual query of a probing mind. Along with these are endless number of entertainment channe l have come up to cater to this special section of the society of the society.Television can help popularize technology and internationalize and universalize our outlook. Along with TV, there are other means of electronic media like the internet or cinema which are fast growing and are extremely popular TV can help strengthen our diversity, strengthening our unite and integrity and shake off social evils and superstitions. Thus electronic media can play a great constructive role in help build of the social and cultural infrastructure of the nation if wisely within the limits of decency and intellectuality. In recent years the media, both print and electronic, has developed immensely.It is a form of communication which is feeding us with information from all corners of the world and not only that it is a form of entertainment as well. These are the main reasons that are causing the media to penetrate into our lives. Although, media has many advantages but at the same time it has cert ain drawbacks as well. In my opinion their are more disadvantages of living in a media rich society rather than its good effects. The first detrimental effect of the media is that it is the major source of violence among the youth.Children watch violent sports like wrestling, watch violent and horror movies and the aftermath of such shows is that children try to do the same acts as done by their heroes and can seriously harm them selves and their fellow children too. Furthermore, now on television their are large number of channel options are available. Children come home from school and sit down in front of the television, hardly involve in physical activities or participate into face-to-face communication or share virtual and non virtual information.This lack of socialism can seriously affect a child's' confidence and communication skills. The other equally important factor is that in the newspapers, on websites and during a television show too many advertisements are being shown, trying to convince the public to buy their products even if they do not need it. Many people too get attracted by these ads and waste their money on non competitive things. However, their are few people who consider media's influence beneficial. They claim that media can be auxiliary while making decisions about many aspects of life, like politics.Through media different people give different opinions, giving us choice to decide what is right for us. In addition, internet has made the research process so efficient and simple that we cannot think of redeeming ourselves from this form of media. To sum up, I concede that the influence of media can be effective in many ways but it is causing many harmful effects as well at an alarming rate. We are are living in 21st century where we are completely dependent on the media and we cannot remove it from our daily routines. The best way to control its influence is to limit its use.

Malala Yousafzai Essay Example

Malala Yousafzai Essay Example Malala Yousafzai Paper Malala Yousafzai Paper Malala Yousafzai Marc Champion, Salman Masood, and Beclan Walsh further analyze the outcome of the Nobel Peace Prize to reflect upon Malala Yousafzais attributes to society. The writers professionally address the perspectives of the Pakistani people while applying their opinions as to why Yousafzai deserved to be recognized. Marc Champion adequately expresses the idea that Yousafzais achievements are the embodiment of the Nobel Peace Prize representation, therefore being the rightful contender. He assertively states that, l know who I would have chosen for this years Nobel Peace Prize: Malala Yousafzai. Reclaiming her contributions to the world, Champion reasons that the Nobel Peace Prize should have gone to her on the basis that she deserved it now, while the OPCW deserve it in the future. Using President Obama, Champion argues, [He was] awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009 for getting elected, as a, kind of advance payment on great deeds to come. This advanced payment does not promise future the fulfillment while Yousafzai has already done the greatest deed of all; she endangered herself for the greater good. As such, he implies, l dont see how [the OPCW] competes with the bravery of Malala and her family. Does Champion make an acceptable case for her? I agree the contributions by Yousafzai should have been appreciated by the Nobel Peace Prize standards. Many opinions follow the actions of Yousafzai and her family including those that claim fraud and publicity purposes. The people of Pakistan will not associate with Yousafzai on the grounds that, [she is] a C. I. A agent, part of a nebulous Western Plot to humiliate their country and pressure their government. It is also claimed that Yousafzais assassination attempt was fake to dramatize her actions towards society. The Pakistani people do not believe she deserved the Nobel Peace Prize because of the lack of proof behind Yousafzais experiences. Simply put, Malala Yousafzais involvement with education and womens rights brought multitudes of opinions, especially on the results of the Nobel Peace Prize. Marc Champion, Salman Masood, and Beclan Walsh eloquently establish respect for Yousafzai while addressing the perspective of those who believe she is false. So is Yousafzai worthy of the Nobel Peace Prize? Indeed, she earned the respect deserving of the Nobel Peace Prize, but in the end she did not go unnoticed and she did not go unrewarded. By HSslacker

hiv affected parents Essays

hiv affected parents Essays hiv affected parents Essay hiv affected parents Essay Lapriah Morrison soc 482 Dr. Donna Cole December 4, 2013 HIV-lnfected Parents and Their Children in the United States HIV has an insightful influence not only on the people it infects, but also on their families. Children who are dependent on their parents are particularly vulnerable. Because of the effects of HIV disease and the social conditions that are often associated with it, parents living with HIV may have limited financial, social, and emotional resources to draw upon in raising their children. Additionally, if parents become incapacitated or die, others need to take over the role of caring for the children. Children and families of people with HIV may depend on public and charitable resources that cover such services as income supplementation, health care, child care, housing, bereavement support, foster care, and adoption. These services are not always available, and the dishonor associated with HIV can complicate access to such services. To address the needs of children and families affected by HIV, they needed to know the extent and importance of the problem. Analysis Nationally representative data have not previously been available to describe this population, although the percentage of HIV infected adults with hildren has been reported for regional and convenience samples. 10-12 studies have estimated the number of children with vertically acquired infection and the percentage of childbearing women who are HIV infected. 4-16 several researchers have used modeling techniques to estimate the number of children in the United States who have lost or will lose their mothers because of HIV. These studies have drawn attention to the fact that HIV affects more than Just those who are infected. To gain a better understanding of parenthood and family responsibilities among HIV nfected adults in the United States, they used data from a national probability sample of men and women who are receiving health care for HIV to dete rmine who had children the ages of the children, and with who the children lived with. Methods The HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study used multistage national probability sampling to select a random sample of adults with known HIV infection who had at least one visit for health care at a facility other than a military, prison, or emergency department facility during a two month population definition period in 1996. They also sampled geographical areas, medical providers, and then patients. In the first stage of sampling, they sampled metropolitan statistical areas with the largest AIDS caseloads, along with an additional 20 metropolitan statistical areas and 24 clusters of rural counties. In the second stage of sampling, they sampled 58 urban and 28 rural known providers from list of all providers known by local informants to sampled 87 urban and 23 rural other providers who had affirmed caring for HIV patients in a screening survey of approximately 4000 physicians randomly selected rom the physician master file maintained by the American Medical Association. In the third stage of sampling, they sampled patients from anonymous lists of all eligible patients who had visited participating providers during the population definition period. Women and members of staff model health maintenance organizations were oversampled. Data collection began in January 1996 and ended 15 months later. Their overall rates were 68% for full interviews and 87% for people with abbreviated interviews or information supplied by others. In total they gained 2864 full interviews. Living Arrangements for Children Fifty-two percent of children lived with the respondent, and 28% lived with their other parent, for a total of 80% living with at least one parent. The remaining children lived with their grandmother (9% of all children), with another relative (5%), with an unrelated foster or adoptive parent (4%), or in another situation. Living situation varied a lot by the sex of the respondent. Sixty-nine percent of children of a female respondent lived with the respondent and 6% lived elsewhere with their father, whereas 32% of children of a male respondent lived with the respondent and 53% ived elsewhere with their mother. There was no significant decrease in the proportion of children who lived with their parent. Infected Adults Living With Their Children HIV- Women were much more likely than men to be living with their children: 76% of women with children (and 45% of all women) and 34% of men with children (and 6% of all men) lived with at least 1 child. Among women and men living with children, 15% and 21%, respectively, had at least 1 child living elsewhere. The possibility that a respondent lived with his or her children varied by household income for women and en and by the respondents level of education. Percentages of Children Younger Than 18 Years in Various Living Arrangements, by Sex of Respondent: HIV Cost and Services utilization study, 1996-1997 Living Arrangement Female Male Respondent parent 69 32 Other parent 6 53 Grandmother 10 8 Another relative 3 Unrelated adoptive/foster parent 2 Other Health of and Available Support for Parents Living With Children Many parents were at a fairly advanced stage of illness that could have been affecting their ability to take care of their child. Twenty-three percent of parents living with children eported that their lowest CD4 count was 50 to 199, and 22% reported less than 50. Sixty percent of parents living with their children had symptomatic HIV, and another 30% had AIDS. Many of the parents may have been too sick to tend to their childrens needs or may have had other conditions that interfered with their ability to take care of their children. For example, 21% of parents living with children had been hospitalized during the previous 6 months, including 10% who had been hospitalized for 7 or more days. 0% of parents who had been hospitalized during the previous 6 onths were also living with a spouse or partner. Eighteen percent of parents living with children had needed home health care in the previous 6 months; 45% had symptoms consistent with a psychiatric disorder; 10% showed evidence of probable past drug dependence; 5% had been heavy alcohol drinkers in the previous 4 weeks; and 10% had needed drug or alcohol treatme nt in the previous 6 months. Although many parents appeared to have resources available to draw upon, some parents lacked social networks that could pick up the slack if they were unable to take care of heir childrens needs, and some had limited financial resources. Twenty percent had no close friends, and 16% saw family members once a month or less. Twenty-five percent had no one to lend them money, and 16% had no one to help with chores. Thirteen percent had gone without needed health care at least once in the previous 6 months, because they needed the money for basic necessities such as food, clothing, and housing, and 8% had gone without basic necessities because they needed the money for health care. Some put off going to the doctor because they were too sick 19%), they were taking care of someone else (16%), or they did not have a way to get there (23%). Twenty percent had had to find a place to live in the previous 6 months. Sixty-seven percent were participating in 1 or more government supplemental income programs and 31% received Supplemental Security Income, 31% received Social Security Disability Insurance, and 39% received Aid to Families with Dependent had private insurance, and 17% had no health insurance. Conclusion In this sample of HIV-infected adults in care, we have shown that many throughout the country have children and some continue to conceive and have hildren after diagnosis. HIV-infected parents generally continue to live with their children even as their disease progresses. If there are any future plans of the epidemic they will need to consider the impact on parents of having responsibility for children and the impact on children of having parents with a chronic, stigmatizing, and potentially fatal condition. Parents may need support in meeting conflicting responsibilities of looking after their own health needs while also taking care of their children. 51 the children, as well having needs related to their parents HIV infection, ncluding financial assistance, emotional support, and supervision when the parent is incapacitated or dies. HIV-infected adults could also benefit from counseling and support when making decisions about having children. Unfortunately, even if transmission rates decrease many parents are already infected, and the disease will continue to have a large impact on families and on how society treats them. Reference Page 1 . Caldwell MB, Mascola L, Smith W, et al. Biologic, foster, and adoptive parents: care givers of children exposed perinatally to human immunodeficiency virus in the United States. Pediatrics. 199Z90:603-607. 2. Carten A], Fennoy I. African American families and HIV/AIDS: caring for surviving children. Child welfare. 3. Cohen FL, Nehring WM. Foster care of HIVpositive children in the United States. Public Health Rep. 4. Forsyth BW, Damour L, Nagler S, Adnopoz J. The psychological effects of parental human immunodeficiency virus infection on uninfected children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 5. Mark A. Schuster, MD, PhD, David E. Kanouse, PhD, Sally C. Morton, PhD, Samuel A. Bozzette, MD, PhD, Angela Miu, MS, Gwendolyn B. Scott, MD, and Martin F. Shapiro,

7th Grade ACT Prep How to Ace the Exam

7th Grade ACT Prep How to Ace the Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Even though there are plenty of other standardized tests for younger students like ACT Aspire or the PSAT, there are still many middle schoolers every year who take the ACT. 7th grade is definitely a bit earlier than most people take a college entrance exam, but it's possible you might have to take it as part of an academic talent search or want to take it to see what it's like. Just as good 7th grade ACT scores are different from what good scores would be for juniors or seniors, though, 7th grade ACT prep is very different from high school ACT prep. Find out the best way to A-C-E the ACT in 7th grade in this article. Why Take the 7th Grade ACT? There are two main reasons why you'd want to take the ACT as a middle schooler. The biggest reason is that 7th grade ACT scores are an integral part of several talent search programs, like Duke TIP and Johns Hopkins' CTY. These programs provide academic enrichment and summer programs for advanced students, which can be a great way to discover a subject you're passionate about that you can then pursue in more depth in high school or college. The only other real reason to take the ACT so early is if you want to start laying the groundwork for when you take the ACT in high school to apply to colleges. Because you won't have learned a significant chunk of the content on the test yet in school (particularly on the math section), you're probably not going to want to use your 7th grade ACT score to apply to colleges. But if you live in an ACT-mandatory state and will end up taking the ACT before you graduate from high school for free anyway, it's not the worst idea in the world to get an early preview of what the test is like. 7th Grade ACT Prep for Summer Programs If you’re taking the ACT to take part in a talent search or summer program of some sort, you have a relatively tight timeline to work with. Enrollment begins August of each year for Duke TIP and other similar programs, and to do the 7th grade talent search for most programs, you must take the ACT during your 7th grade year. This means that the latest you can take the ACT and still qualify for a talent search is by June of the end of your 7th grade school year. Plus, to get a spot in the highly competitive summer programs for the summer after 7th grade, it’s usually recommended you take the ACT by Feb 1st during 7th grade at the latest (so you don’t get waitlisted for the programs). With a short amount of time to study for the ACT, you'll need to use strategies similar to those used by juniors and seniors prepping for the test. This means studying for the test with official ACT practice tests and questions to get the most accurate picture of what will be covered on the real test. While you by no means need a perfect or even close to perfect score on the ACT in order to qualify for summer programs, you also don't want to stroll into the room on test day and be completely surprised by the format and question style of the test. Jon Bunting/Flickr There are non-multiple choice Math questions You're also going to want to take at least a couple of realistic timed practice tests (rather than just answering questions or doing the test a section at a time). This exercise is particularly valuable for 7th graders because as a younger student, you'll likely have less test-taking stamina, simply because you won't have had as many years of lengthy test-taking in school yet as a high school student. The ACT is a little over three hours long with breaks (or almost four hours if you take ACT with Writing), so you'll need to work up to being able to sit down and concentrate on the test for that long a period of time without losing focus. Other ACT prep strategies used by high school students can be modified and used by younger students as well. Before you start studying for the test, you should figure out what specific score you need to aim for in order to meet your goals. Rather than averaging the average scores of the colleges you want to get into, you should set your target ACT score based on the average scores of the summer programs you want to apply to. You can then adjust your test-taking strategy accordingly. The most important adjustment to make to your test-taking strategy as a 7th grader is to not be afraid to skip questions. If you only need to aim for a 25 on each section, you can afford to skip the harder questions or topics you haven't learned about yet and maximize the time you spend on questions you actually can answer. For more strategies like these, including precisely how many questions you can skip to get to your target score, read our articles on how to improve low ACT English, Math, Reading, and Science scores, which focus on getting students up to a 26 score (rather than a perfect ACT score). Early Training for College Applications Starting to prepare for college applications early is a much weaker reason to study for and take the ACT in 7th grade. Prepping so early for the ACT means you don't have the content knowledge you need to do your best on the test. While it is possible to teach yourself some of the content, you may find that there's ultimately a limit to what you can achieve on your own without first learning the subject (like trig) in school first. It's also unlikely that casual 7th grade ACT prep will have any benefit for you when you get to the middle of high school and take it again for colleges. Sure, you might be slightly more familiar with the format of the test, but that's something you could achieve much more easily and effectively by starting to prep for the ACT in a focused way in 9th grade. And as a sidenote, although colleges probably won't care about your 7th grade ACT score, any time you take the ACT it does technically remain on your permanent ACT record. The good news is that if you want to take the ACT early as part of preparing to apply to college or pass the ACT later on in high school, you have a much looser timeframe to work with than if you needed to take it for a talent search. Since you don't have program deadlines, you can take the ACT at any point during middle school, whether during the 7th grade school year or not. You’ll have plenty of opportunities to take the test again before college applications, so it's not like your score now is final. Your 7th grade ACT score is about as final as this rabbit drawn in the sand. Unlike the juniors taking the test, you won't have learned all of the content yet in school, and as I said above, some of it you might not be able to teach yourself. Instead of banging your head against the wall of radians and matrices, you should focus your studying on areas like Reading and English, which don't necessarily require the same kind of knowledge base that ACT Math does, particularly if you're a native English speaker. For ACT Reading, you can practice reading at a higher level by reading short stories and nonfiction writing. Our article on the best way to practice ACT Reading has some great tips for free online sources you can use for both of these types of literature. You can also use vocabulary lists to bolster your knowledge of more advanced vocab and how to use them in context. By reading more advanced writing, you'll internalize some stylistic and grammatical rules that are important for both ACT English and ACT Writing, but if you want an explicit list of what you need to know for ACT English, we have a complete guide to all the grammar rules covered on that portion of the test. We also have some great articles ACT Writing, including how to write the essay, step by step, what the format of the essay is, and how the ACT essay is scored. The ACT Science test doesn't require a lot of specific science knowledge. Instead, you'll need to be skilled at reading charts, graphs, and tables and being able to combine information from them and the text to answer questions. For this reason, even students who aren't "science" people can do perfectly well on ACT Science. And when it comes to ACT Math, you can at least start to get familiar with the math you haven't covered yet in school with our great guides to subjects like algebra and trigonometry. For the most part, though, while you can start to prep for the ACT in 7th grade, if the only reason you're studying for it is as prep for college applications, we don't recommend taking it that early. Richard-G/Flickr The ACT for 7th Graders: The Bottom Line Depending on why you’re studying for or taking the ACT in 7th grade, you’ll need to adjust how you study. If you're taking it in order to qualify for summer programs, you’ll have less time to study before taking the test, so you should focus on practicing with real ACTs and studying strategies like skipping questions you can't answer. On the other hand, if your 7th grade ACT prep isearly training for college or high school, you’ll have more time to study before taking the test, so you should focus more on learning content you don’t know and getting familiar with the test structure before moving on to testing strategies and full-length practice tests. For more on the content-to-strategy ratio in studying, read about how to start early on preparing for the SAT- many of the tips in it are applicable to students taking the ACT as well. Above all, don’t be discouraged by a low 7th grade ACT score. Remember, you’re competing against high school juniors and seniors who are taking this test to get into college or graduate high school. These students might approach the ACT more seriously because it’s more important to their future college prospects, spend more time prepping or have prepped in school, and generally know more of the content because of having covered it in school repeatedly. A Silly Person/Flickr What’s Next? Now you know how to get a great 7th grade ACT score, but is it really worth taking the test so early? Learn more about the pros and cons of taking the ACT in 7th grade here. How are you doing on practice tests compared to other middle-school ACT test-takers? Find out with our articles about the average ACT score for 7th graders and good ACT scores for 8th graders. Want to learn more about summer programs for academically gifted middle schoolers? Read our articles on the Duke TIP 7th grade Talent Search, CTY at Johns Hopkins, NUMATS, Stanford EPGY, and Summer Institute for the Gifted. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Moon as a character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moon as a character - Essay Example The centrifugal elements of the story have served to also deliver a sense of shock value to those who hear it. These main elements are Salome herself, so beautiful and enchanting that her own stepfather Herod the king, is smitten by her. This is an incestual element which is certainly edgy enough to gain attention. Secondly, a man of God who claims to be a prophet, is so hated that he is murdered in a brutal way in order to please a beautiful woman. These elements are just the surface of a thicket of metaphorical allegory. The moon is of course something of a constant. Certainly, we assume that in any story taking place on this planet, the moon is automatically thought to be lurking overhead in the night. This however, is not the only place for the moon in this particular tale. Salome uses numerous references to ‘white’ which is thought to in essence, represent the moon. Additionally, the story has two human voyeurs, the page and the Syrian. It is the page who is smitten or hypnotized by the moon but really, the moon is serving as a metaphor for princess Salome. This gives a circular quality to the story and reminds the reader that on one layer, there are these people of royalty who are in fact subject to voyeurs. Princess Salome is the object of her stepfather Herod’s voyeurism as well as the voyeurism of the page and the Syrian. Beyond this layer, the voyeurs are subject to the moon itself as it looms overhead as a distant but present voyeur. The moon in fact, is the voyeur watch ing this entire story unfold. Getting back to the nature of the story’s conflicts, it is both an incestual situation materializing which leads to the brutal murder and sadistic handling of a man of God. The piece is entirely fashioned around an emphasis on the dark side of human beings with the additional almost cautionary sense that someone is always watching. This is perhaps the heaviest and most impressive metaphor used in the piece between the moon and

Contemporary Private Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary Private Security - Research Paper Example The private sector comes up with solutions that are within the budget and required time-frame. For instance, the use of passwords is slowly being phased out in favor of a less-cumbersome, less-complex sign-n card solution. This in effect reduced the rate of computer intrusion to more than 46%! The success of this cooperation between the government and the private sector cannot be underestimated. It is bound to bring bigger revolution in the security industry if law enforcement can stay steps ahead of criminals and possible terrorists. According to the COPS (Community Oriented Policing Services), the diversity of the private security sector is often erroneously underrated. With an annual budget of close to $100 billion, the federal and state organs spend less than half of that, hence the need for them to collaborate with private security bodies. Since both parties share the same goals, i.e preventing crime, identifying criminals and protecting both people and property, it is safe to s ay that the relationship between the two factions will produce mostly positive results. Granted, there will be challenges involved which include the issue of national security which cannot be entrusted to private firms. However, the bulk of the matter remains that when it comes to technology, the private sector beats the federal sector hands- down and for the sake of national good, the government ought to find ways in which this can be encouraged, because ultimately, it’s a win-win situation if all matters security are sorted.

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin Research Paper

Forest Parcelization in Vilas County, Wisconsin - Research Paper Example A huge portion of this forested land parcels is under the ownership of non-industrial private landowners. It is estimated that these non-industrial private landowners own over sixty percent of the whole forested land in the county of Vilas. The rest of the forested parcels of land are under the ownership of the county government of Vilas, the federal government, the state government, the forest industry department and Wisconsin’s Indian Tribes. The federal government carried out the land survey of the State of Wisconsin forest in the nineteenth century. The purpose of the survey was to divide the huge land under public ownership into parcels that could be sold to private owners, in order to raise revenue for the federal government and provide settlement for the people (Allred et al. 2011). The work of the survey was implemented using the Public Land Survey System that usually divides the land into six-mile square townships and one-mile square sections. Six-mile square townships are the primary units of the public land survey. They are further sub-divided into one-mile-square sections. The townships are then regularly arranged across the state whereas the sections are similarly arranged in the townships (The Vilas County Mapping Department, 2010). The Wisconsin-Illinois border is the location of the initial point of the public land survey in Wisconsin. The locality is roughly ten miles east of Mississippi (Allred et al. 2011). The location is the point of intersection of the base-line. It is also the boundary of the southern state and the principal meridian, which is a latitude running due north from the initial point. Township lines are the east-west lines that cross the principal meridian after every six miles. Range lines, on the other hand, are north-south lines that run through the middle of the baseline after every six miles.

Law 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law 4 - Assignment Example It governs how a business is run, and if any violations are made, the owners or directors of the business is deemed legally liable. There are legal punishments in the form of corporate revocations and fines for violations (Halbert & Ingulli, 1990). The two terms â€Å"business law† and â€Å"ethics† are not similar though they are linked to the business environment. The public scrutinizes a business that is not running ethically, and there is a normally tough analysis of the legitimacy of their actions. Halbert and Ingulli (1990) state that although business laws ensure that a company is run in a legal manner, the ethics of a business regularly establish whether the business is surpassing the limits set upon by law if not breaking them unintentionally. For example if a business that deals in the mining of fluorine dumps its wastes in the rivers the action may be legal. However, the action may be unethical if the activity is done wrongly. According to Armentano (1996), antitrust and monopoly are other business terms that go hand in hand with each other. Antitrust law is a set of rules that prohibit the unfair business practices. Monopoly is the business practice that involves a few businesses being the suppliers of products in a huge market. The antitrust laws are set up to promote competition in the market. Certain business practices are deemed illegal if they impair business practices and affect the consumers in any way. Armentano (1996) affirmed that, illegal practices are viewed to be unethical in the business environment as they lead to market and business failure. Practices that lead to unethical activities in the business world are considered illegal according to the antitrust law. Monopoly is the act of a single entity controlling the market price of a certain commodity (Armentano, 1996). Monopoly is brought about by lack of competition in the market; one or few companies dominate the business industry. The f ew

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 75

Discussion - Assignment Example . This poem clearly brings out the theme of courage well. Unlike his peers who strive to impress the visiting audience, Michael chooses to do what he perceives right in his eyes even though he knows the backlash he would receive from the society. Since beginning of time, those who act contrary to the norms of the society are the ones who make a difference on earth. Like a child, he is at peace with what he does and loves. Like a rose has both the male and female parts, he blends both masculinity and feminism. Cultural conflict is the dominant theme in this poem. Different races and cultures are always in conflict with each other and in a bid to advance their ideologies or to prove their superiority over others; most conflicts end up in bloodsheds. In Casual Wear, a tourist woman falls victim to a vicious attack by the terrorist. While the odds are one to nine that she will be at the place of the attack, she ironically ends up there and is killed. The tourist may have come from a nation that was in conflict with the terrorist’s country. She wears extravagantly in a country that fashion is not taken seriously. Just like her clothes did not matter to the terrorist, so was her life. The main cause of terrorism is cultural differences. Using force or violence to counter terrorism will only result to more violence. The best method to stop terrorism would be to accept other people’s cultural, ideological and religious beliefs. Stereotyping people will only lead to more resentment. For example, Muslims are portrayed as terrorists in most Hollywood films. This should be banned. Ballad of Birmingham is based on a real life bombing of an African-American church in 1963. The poem begins with a girl begging her mother to go to a freedom march, but her mother refuses. She however allows her to go to church where she believes is secure. Unfortunately, the church is attacked by arsons and the little girl dies. The message that is clear is

Law 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Law 4 - Assignment Example It governs how a business is run, and if any violations are made, the owners or directors of the business is deemed legally liable. There are legal punishments in the form of corporate revocations and fines for violations (Halbert & Ingulli, 1990). The two terms â€Å"business law† and â€Å"ethics† are not similar though they are linked to the business environment. The public scrutinizes a business that is not running ethically, and there is a normally tough analysis of the legitimacy of their actions. Halbert and Ingulli (1990) state that although business laws ensure that a company is run in a legal manner, the ethics of a business regularly establish whether the business is surpassing the limits set upon by law if not breaking them unintentionally. For example if a business that deals in the mining of fluorine dumps its wastes in the rivers the action may be legal. However, the action may be unethical if the activity is done wrongly. According to Armentano (1996), antitrust and monopoly are other business terms that go hand in hand with each other. Antitrust law is a set of rules that prohibit the unfair business practices. Monopoly is the business practice that involves a few businesses being the suppliers of products in a huge market. The antitrust laws are set up to promote competition in the market. Certain business practices are deemed illegal if they impair business practices and affect the consumers in any way. Armentano (1996) affirmed that, illegal practices are viewed to be unethical in the business environment as they lead to market and business failure. Practices that lead to unethical activities in the business world are considered illegal according to the antitrust law. Monopoly is the act of a single entity controlling the market price of a certain commodity (Armentano, 1996). Monopoly is brought about by lack of competition in the market; one or few companies dominate the business industry. The f ew

Business Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Management System - Essay Example That's why special attention must be paid to hardware vendors, because even the most qualities software occurs to be low productive when it runs on outmoded facilities. Quick and wide range telecommunications should be used to hasten data exchange between parts of the BMS, such as optical fiber, satellite communications, 3G networks for mobile user of the system, etc. Usage of the most current technologies raises quality of service and reduces modernization costs in future. System reliability and survivorship are also very important issues. There are a lot of technologies developed for ascending of IT system reliability: backup servers and channels, RAID massive, caching and compression of data, etc. (Jones, 1986) It is important to choose competent software vendor or developers company for creating the software part of BMS. On selection of software provider it is necessary to gather information, on what sort of software it is specialized in, how many completed projects it has and if the customers are satisfied with the product of the company. (Brooks, 1995) It is also impossible not to admit importance of human factor during use of information system (Maslow, 1999). BMS must have comfortable and easy-to-understand user interface, so as novices in company could quickly to know about the system. Only simultaneous taking into consideration of all these factors allows creating really usable and productive information system, which will satisfy DVLA's requirements for the licensing information system. Possible benefits from the BMS for the organization: Elimination of Costly, Inflexible Legacy Systems Improved Work Processes Increase in Access to Data for Business Decision Making Upgrade of Information Technology Infrastructure Increased Control of Work Processes by Staff Reduced Paper Documents Greater Accuracy of Information with Detailed Content Improved Cost Control Increase in Customer Response Time Improved Monitoring and Quicker Resolution of Queries Quick Response to Business Operations and Market Conditions Improved Competitive Advantage Improved Supply-Demand Link with Locations and Branches World Wide Unified Customer Database Improved International Operations Improved Information Access and Management Throughout the Organization Information Entered Once into System Provides Functionality to Interact with other Modules The critical success factors of the BMS are: Clear forming of goals Effective and creative work of management Competent recourse management Keeping project time and recourses frames Understanding of consequences of the system implementation Involving staff in implementation process Also paying more attention to communications with the stakeholders is important for implementation of the Business Management System. The success of a project can be highly influenced by the support or otherwise of key stakeholders. A more iterative process, with more effective-working relationships between stakeholders allows compromise to be based on a more objective understanding by everyone. This process requires that managers and staff have both application and

Moving Towards a Global Community Essay Example for Free

Moving Towards a Global Community Essay With Communism finally thought of as discredited, the US believed that it could finally assume sole dominance of global political and economic affairs. The US was wrong, as Communism was replaced with a new foe – terrorism. The 1990s saw the emergence of Islamic terrorist groups, all of which have a single-minded goal to destroy the US. These terrorist organizations justify their actions by arguing that it is their duty as good Muslims to wage a war against all enemies of Islam (Halliday, 2003). Roots of the â€Å"Jihad† Most Islamic terrorist organizations came from Third World countries, where poverty and government corruption are rampant. Furthermore, majority of the countries from which these terrorist groups originated are governed by pro-US regimes. In exchange for unlimited access to the raw materials of their respective countries, the US would grant them political, economic and military assistance. The aforementioned scenario is conducive to the rise of Islamic terrorist organizations. Impoverished and desperate, many Muslims from the Third World find solace from these groups, who offer them overly simplistic explanations for their destitute state. Leaders of Islamic terrorist organizations usually brainwash neophytes into believing that the US is responsible for the political, economic and social ills in their country. Thus, as good Muslims, they must fight the US even at the cost of their very lives. The US, on the other hand, would protect itself by calling on lackey regimes to â€Å"fight terrorism† by crushing these groups, often at the expense of civil rights and liberties of their constituents (Palmer and Palmer, 2004). References Halliday, F. (2003). Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics in the Middle East (2nd ed. ). London: I. B. Tauris. Palmer, M. , Palmer, P. (2004). At the Heart of Terror: Islam, Jihadists, and Americas War on Terrorism. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.

Impact of the Media in the Vietnam War

Impact of the Media in the Vietnam War By the spring of 1975, the Vietnam War had ended in victory for the enemies of the United States and ever since this, historians have been preoccupied with explaining why America failed in Vietnam. In the most part, the Vietnam War has been portrayed as a military failure, and whilst this is true it ignores the highly decisive role of the media. Hanson recognises that there is a distinctive lack of theoretical assessment of the impact of the media on foreign policy. Therefore I am to prove amongst other facts that it was the role of the media which inevitably led to American failure in the Vietnam War. As James Reston concluded; Maybe historians will agree that the reporters and the cameras were decisive in the endand forced the withdrawal of American power from Vietnam. Firstly it will assess why the American press stopped supporting American intervention in Vietnam. The Tet offensive in 1968 is often pin pointed by historians as the event from which the perception of the wars success changed. I will then assess how the media affected American withdrawal and how much influence the media had on policy making of the American government. Another key question that this dissertation will address is what and how other deciding factors caused American failure. Many historians have focused on the military failures and I will assess how this is an accurate assessment of American involvement. By addressing these questions I will, furthermore, be able to argue whether or not American failure in Vietnam was inevitable which has become the argument for many historians. However further research on the subject highlights that domestic issues such as the growing anti-war movement affected withdrawal. From this I would like to assess the nature in which the press reported on such groups and if the media influenced their growth. Many primary and secondary sources have been used to research this dissertation. I have focused my attention to The New York Times as it is a liberal broadsheet published across America and is considered to be a paper which was highly critical of the war. During my research into secondary sources I have noticed that particular articles have often been selected from this newspaper by various historians. I will use some of these articles alongside others that have not previously been included in research to deepen the understanding of the medias role. By using a variety of these articles I will be able to support or disprove current historical thought on the subject. The positive of using newspapers in my research, is that I easily uncover patterns in reporting styles and can map the changes of opinions. Negatively however, newspapers are generally as biased; reporters can often use their articles to air their own personal opinions and may not reflect their audiences beliefs. They may also be bias as they are producing an opinion that will have been dictated from the papers editors and will follow their policy on the war. I have also used the Museum of Broadcast Communication, which is an online archive that has stored radio and television broadcasts from America. Current research into Vietnam focuses on newspaper articles and by using these broadcasts I hope to find a greater understanding into the role the whole media played. Hallin believes that using television in assessing the role of the media is vital as it made Vietnam politically unique. The advantage of using these broadcasts is that the tone used by the reporters indicates how they perceived the war at that time and mean that there may be less misinterpretation of their view. Again, like the newspapers, there will be a degree of bias and this does not always reflect the American publics opinions. In some cases the television reports are often accused of enforcing particular views of the war on the public. One criticism of American intervention in Vietnam is that America failed to learn from its mistakes in the Korean War. The hindsight that we have after such conflicts can make it seem as though a particular decision was gravely needed or acted as a catalyst. However, as historians, it is vital that whilst studying the Vietnam War, we do not assess the war in a modern day context but from the position at that time. Therefore I shall assess how the conflict is placed on the global scene during the Cold War, and how it places within American society at the time. The development of the media is also an issue I had to consider in my research due to the technological advancements that it has faced. The nature in which media is used is also subject to change, and therefore its role must be effectively defined and evaluated. McCormick argues that the role of the media did not begin after the cold war but that it expanded within it, with coverage reaching into peoples homes. Another example would be from the First World War, when photography was used for reconnaissance purposes and data collection. The army later used photography as a form of propaganda to recruit men for the war. This example shows the changing nature of photography and the Vietnam War was no exception. Photography takes on a new role and Susan Moellers study on the effects of three iconic images highlights that photographs begin to sum up entire wars and that they make war comprehensible to American civilians and the wider world. Photography and other media forms are always used for a particular purpose and it is important to consider their purpose in the interpretation of the sources. America had prospered greatly in the World Wars; industry had grown significantly and as a consequence Americas economy was achieving new heights. This therefore shows that America had much to lose if it no longer controlled the markets of the world. The ideological subtext of the Cold War is imperative in understanding the failures of America in Vietnam. This helps to explain how it was perceived that if communism was to gain power, that the economy of said country would be hostile to the free market system; and so a policy to protect Americas interests was needed. Walli believes that the hysteria and myths created by Truman were necessary for the American and global public to support America in its actions. Truman is said to have used the media to create this hysteria in the first place and shows how the government manipulated the media. In which case, this statement may explain why the government resented the media during the conflict as they were unable to control and manipulate it so easily. As Smith states, the Vietnam War was a product of a global pattern of conflict and must be discussed in the context of global developments for information to be correctly used. So, the Vietnam War must be assessed as one of a number of conflicts after the Second World War. America played a leading role in several of these cold war conflicts, such as, Korea, Cuba, Laos, Greece and the Berlin. As literature of the time reflects, America was portrayed as the guardian angel of these countries freedoms against the evil of Communism. This echoes the position of the elites like Nixon, who pleaded for anti-communist faith, Communism is evil because it denies God and defies man. However real the threat of Communist expansionism actually was, to the people of America it posed a serious threat to the freedoms that they had become accustomed to. When, in reality, the Soviet Union was far from being in a position to begin colonising and spreading the Communist ideology. It is also naà ¯ve of Ame rica to have believed that every revolutionary group was a puppet of the Kremlin. This dissertation will examine the role of the media as the agent of American failure. It would be naive to blame the media alone and the dissertation will also look at other factors that contributed to American failure and assess which ultimately led to American withdrawal. Historiography: The Vietnam War has drawn the attention of many scholars since Americas intervention in the war. Caprini believed that this is because where lines between consensus, legitimate controversy and deviance become blurred, such as in the Vietnam War, that debate expands. As Herring points out many of the issues still contested today are the issues that Americans debated during the war. There are many questions which are regularly debated between historians on this topic such as why did America involve itself in Vietnam? Did America fail in Vietnam and was American intervention doomed to failure? Most importantly for this study is the question, why did America fail in Vietnam? Previous studies on the Vietnam War have often made assumptions and judgements on American intervention. This has therefore led to two different schools of interpretation on the nature of the war and Cohen believes that a historians judgement on the nature of the war will determine the tone of their research. For example revisionists believe that the war in Vietnam was that the war was an act of aggression by the North Vietnamese on the South. This would therefore lead to the historians such as Smith, who justifies American escalation of the war in Vietnam. However other historians believe that America were not justified in their actions and that it was in fact a revolutionary war and that the Vietnamese where fighting for their independence against the French and then the Americans. Historians such as Kolko and Kahin have heavily criticised American intervention in the Vietnam War as immoral and that America was trying to preserve economic interests. These different interpretations will therefore influence how they view successes and failures of America, or even if the same event is a success or a failure. Devine believes that more recent analysis of the Vietnam War has lead to a growth of resentment for American involvement in the Vietnam War and consequent failures. Historians such as Lens and Kolko seek to evaluate Americas motives and efficiency. However, Lens is overly critical of the American motives within the war and the methods that they use in the wider global context. This therefore reflects Devines statement of growing resentment for American involvement, but also demonstrates that literature on the Cold War in general has growing resentment for America. Schreckers investigation into McCarthyism in the United States can similarly be seen as overly critical. However, after reflecting this book, many can sympathise with her well constructed argument. Nonetheless, there is literature on the subject of resentment of American involvement evident in the emotively written book, Vietnam North, by Burchett. This is a written documentary constructed during the period focusing on the experiences and opinions of the North Vietnamese. Whilst extremely useful to historians for its insight into an area which previously lacked much attention, if looked at in isolation, it can paint a very bleak image of American involvement. Pieces such as these most definitely influence the works of modern day historians as they reach to new sources for information. The sources which historians use will also effect of they construct their arguments. Research into Vietnam has become more enlightened in recent years with the release of more sources. However there are still many sources still unavailable or insufficiently used, whilst historians have begun to use more Vietnamese sources Kiernan highlights that this is an area which needs much more attention and will contribute the most to historical understanding. It is also important to consider that interpretations of sources can be widely different according to historians perspective on the war generally. Therefore it is important to remain neutral in the analysis of primary sources and to consider them within the context of the cold war period. Hallins work focuses on the use of media sources, he clearly recognises that media was not the same all over America, and the provenances of the source can change how and why they were written. The Vietnam War can not be analysed in a simplistic form as there are many different dimensions to it. Fisher highlights that America was not fighting one enemy; surface level analysis by historians has led to a basic review of cold war ideology. The war in Vietnam is not a clear cut battle between capitalism and communism because there is also a strong nationalist movement, the fight for independence being strong feature in the Vietnamese war. Some historians believe that the war actually stems from a civil war within South Vietnam, between southern rebels and a Saigon government with far heavier foreign backing. Therefore the assessment has been made that America failed in Vietnam because they assumed that dividing Vietnam in half would automatically make the South all obey Diems regime without question. Whilst this may be an important dimension to consider, the division of Vietnam is not why America failed. The importance of Diem and Americas failure to hold elections in Vietnam i s a plausible beginning to American failure. Most importantly, current studies on the subject ignore the medias influence on America with regard to the Diem regime. Hammond recognises that American reporters were disliked by Diems regime because they reported freely about their opinions of the war and often criticised the role the South Vietnamese were playing. Where many historians have ignored this dimension Hammond explores it and concludes that these negative reports acted as catalyst to disenchant the war with the American people. This assessment does not mean that the reports were a hate campaign against Diem but that reports were not complimentary to the South Vietnamese forces, and instead fully supported the American troops. Caprini reiterates this point with the example of the Buddhist crisis in May 1963 which questions Diems regime but not the overall goal of American involvement. Kleins collection of essays in, The Vietnam Era; Media and popular culture in the US and Vietnam take an orthodox and post-revisionist view of the war in Vietnam. This is evident from the outset of the book as Klein criticises the American government for creating the atmosphere of anti-communism to lure the American people into conflicts. The book assesses the importance of the role of the media and how the anti-war movement grew. There does seem to be little attempt to address the military failures or strategic decisions which would have ultimately led to the reports of the press and protests of the anti-war movement. However, Klein does recognise that the popular culture was influenced and flooded by material from novelists who tend to stereotype the Vietnamese as dehumanised others and criticises their stance as ignorant. Again such statements as these led to criticism of American government involvement in the war as imperialistic and non-accidental. The in depth study of non pres s material by Klein has greatly added to the knowledge on the debate of the effects of media materials on American perceptions of the war. He assesses more the creation of those images and perceptions before the book focuses on the development of anti-war movements. A key question raised by Caprini in a following essay in Kleins book reveals that the lack of anti-war movement may be because the media did not consider Vietnam news worthy until 1961. Therefore there is less coverage to convince people to stop supporting the war effort. This may reveal why the media had no influence in American withdrawal earlier in the war or as Caprini states that coverage before 1961 was limited to propaganda style film segments. Hammond seeks to examine the relationship between the media and military during the Vietnam War. The main argument in these books are that it was the militarys strategic decisions which led to American failure, but it is the press who were seen as responsible for making the American public aware of these issues. This reflects many of the military leaders opinions of the time as well as the governments and as another historian, Hallin points out even the enlisted men where beginning to resent the press and view them as their enemy. Hammond seems to be aiming to highlight relationship problems between the press and the government to prevent future conflicts. In contrast Hallin examines the changing role that the media played in the Vietnam War and does recognise that the media played a vital role in the changing of American policy in Vietnam. However instead of blaming the failure on the strategic decisions of the military as Hammond does, Hallin believes that it was the presidential a dministrations fault for not creating restrictions for the media in the form of censorship. Although these historians both vary on what they believe to be most important in the medias role and effect, there are points of agreement. For example, Hammond also believes that there were some attempts to censor information released to the press, that this had little affect, but that America ultimately did not set into place any system of censorship in the media. Many historians have laid the blame of American failure to different presidents. For example, Hammond asserts Kennedys importance as he was preoccupied in Europe and Cuba, and he postponed decisions through compromise and didnt efficiently quash mid-level officers from airing their views to the press about American policies. Smith, although not really assessing why America failed in Vietnam, does begin to discuss how each president led to escalation of the war. Beginning with justifying Kennedys actions Smith believes that it was ultimately Johnsons fault for his inappropriate approach to the war which did not contribute to American success. There is a great deal of discussion over this issue and another perspective is that Truman planted the seeds of failure with his policies. Even earlier though is the presidency of Eisenhower, and Gardener and Anderson believe that it was Eisenhower who created the ideological approach which constantly dictated American policies of the post second world war period which created problems for following administrations. How Did the Media Cause American Failure?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Failure of America in the Vietnam War can be accredited to the medias portrayal of the conflict. Current discussions on America intervention and what caused the failure can all be linked with the media explosion during the period of critical and investigative journalism, which forced American withdrawal and changes in policy making. Within Powlick and Katzs reviews of literature on this subject they believe that it was in fact the elites with in government that argued what the media articulated to the public and that foreign policy was not affected by public opinion. Previously investigated factors such as the role of the South Vietnamese and American governments and the military strategies employed in the failure of America in Vietnam can all be attributed to the media coverage which surrounded the conflict. This chapter will critically assess each of these factors in relation to media primary sources and which will pro duce the conclusion that the media did have play an important role in American failure. How did the media cover the war? As previously stated, the nature of media coverage was ever changing and during the Vietnam War these changes increased the impact that the reports. The coverage of the Vietnam War was not always at the same intensity throughout the conflict and may explain why America failed as intensity grew the prospect of failure grew. There is a consensus among historians that press coverage of the Vietnam War only began to grow after 1961 and reached its height in 1968. However, Edmond notes that after 1968 coverage of the Vietnam War by the press and television had greatly declined. Parallel to the rise of media attention to the war between 1961 and 1968, was the rise in more critical reports about American policies and South Vietnamese forces impact in the conflict. The reports were not wholly positive or wholly negative regarding Vietnam, but there was a rise in criticism as the war progresses. However, before 1965 most of the coverage was mainly positive which may coincide with the fact tha t only after the summer of 1964 did American foreign policy change in Vietnam. At this point Johnson begins escalation by introducing retaliatory air strikes against the North Vietnamese. Interestingly, during the early stages of the conflict, reports that were deemed too controversial were edited to suit the papers stance on the war. H. D. S. Greenway, a reporter for Time magazine and The Washington Post from 1967 to 1975, felt that before the Tet offensive that we would write something and the magazine would ignore it if it wasnt upbeat. This shows that the papers were fuelling the deluded optimism, which in effect when removed in the Tet offensive, led to huge disillusionment of the American public. It also displays how in the most part press, television and radio all followed the official line. It is recognised by John Shaw that Many American editors ignored what their correspondents in Vietnam were telling them in favour of the Washington version. Cleary this statement by Shaw is sustained by comments like that of Greenwoods and other reporters who testify that their stories are not being published. This hesitancy within the media to report the negatives as well as the positives in the earlier stages may have been the reason for prolonged American involvement as since the level of criticism increase more pressure is asserted onto the government for policy changes. In this case it is not the reporters who are to blame for American failure in the war but their editors. This is because had the American public realised the truth behind Vietnam earlier then government policy may have changed and consequently America may not have failed. It is still believed today that the press will reflect the norms and accepted thoughts in society. It will rarely go against popular assumptions for fear of damaging business. As a consequence of these theories, one would assume that it would also affect the way in which articles were written and determine how the television and radio represented their stories. For example Chomsky and Herman believed that the anti-communist ideology provided the media with a framework to report within. If you were seen to question the reports, you may be accused of being unpatriotic and so you would be socially excluded whilst McCarthyism was at its height. This is best illustrated in the earlier articles on the Vietnam War by supporting the war effort and that following articles retain the a half hearted optimism. Due to the heightened fear of Communism through McCarthyism any questioning of the American policy in Vietnam would have been greatly disapproved of. An interpretation of this information would show that the media propped up American success due to the social conditioning of the period. The tone of the reports were also generally optimistic during the early stages of the war because the majority of the information that they were given was from the government. Another reason for the positive reporting may be due to the fact there were no permanent reporters based in Saigon initially, so they were unable to report everything as they saw it, and instead had to rely on official reports. The only daily newspaper with a full-time correspondent at the time was the New York Times, whilst other papers had to rely on news agencies. This may explain why this paper took a particularly critical line on Vietnam as they were able to see the escalation of American involvement in the war first hand. The article by Jacques Nevard in the New York Times in July 1962 displays this official line of optimism coupled with some questioning. The article remains positive about the success of the helicopter mission, reported to have swept about twenty miles. Reporting at this time largely focuses on a quantative method to measure success, and the large area covered here praises the American forces. These figurers were widely accepted when published whilst later on in the war there is a criticism of the figures used in these reports. This positive and supportive tone continues through to 1965 where Mohr reports that the United States is still in a defensive position, although a strong one. This consistency shows that the illusion that America could still win the war was still believed by most of America. Therefore, the media could be blamed for pursuing information and a line which would ultimately lead to great resentment from American public on the war in Vietnam, particularly after the T et offensive as victory becomes unlikely. The Media and South Vietnamese Government: The medias relationship with the South Vietnamese Government also undergoes rapid changes during the Vietnam War. For example the Diems regime treats the media with suspicion and there are many restrictions in place to prevent reporting on the conflict by internal press and external press. However this does not remain the same as the war progresses, with the removal of Diem, the new government is weary of losing the support of its press and lifts restrictions. These two approaches to the media have had many consequences and caused the failure in Vietnam for America. Nevards article shows the freedom of reporting before Diem imposed his restrictions in its releasing of military mission details and shows early criticism of South Vietnamese forces. Typically, the report is mainly positive about American involvement, following the official line of optimism, but does criticise the South Vietnamese forces; Some United States officers here are alarmed over the growing dependence of Vietnamese army shows the criticism of the army whilst referring to the American army as sophisticated support. The article also shows how the media would release what Diem believed to be important strategic information relating to numbers of troops and new missions, e.g. 1,000 Government troops were landed yesterday and Forty-one Air Force helicopters were used in the operation, which if intercepted by the North Vietnamese could be used to plan attacks and strategies. This could therefore lead to the military defeat of American and South Vietnamese military forces. Reports lacking in success stories for the South Vietnamese or American troops may also be as used as propaganda pieces of the enemy. This psychologically would give the North Vietnamese insurgent forces an advantage which would lead to American failure. Johnson for example recognises doom and gloom dont win wars, which reiterates the importance psychology in fighting the war in an interview with Cronkite. Moreover the gallop polls construct a narrative of American support for the war which corresponds to how American intervention is going. Diems request that America censor their media becomes an issue as historian Hallin concludes that if the Kennedy administration had censored the media, it could be interpreted that America was running a war and which would contradict its public relations strategy. However three months later in the New York Times, Halberstam reports that Diem is enforcing his own measures to create censorship. Some historians believe that these measures acted as an irritant and actually increased more critical reporting in Vietnam as the reporters felt that their freedoms were being removed. The torrent of articles criticising Diems regime are best illustrated in Halberstams article, feel they are being muzzled by the South Vietnamese Government. The choices of words such as muzzled in this report are fundamental in the understanding of the stance of the reporter, as they are emotive. Therefore the animosity of the reporter to Diem can be seen whilst representing the idea through the military opinions. The entire negative reporting surrounding Diems regime eventually leads to the American government having to distance itself as the American public begin to see that the South Vietnamese government is corrupt and prejudice. Furthermore this is all brought to a head during the Buddhist crisis in which reporters are heavily criticised for their role and two reporters are expelled. The South Vietnamese governments reaction simply demonstrates how the media are obviously an effective force in the creation of public opinion. This also highlights Americas inability to have created and sustained a new government in South Vietnam, which can be measured as a failure caused by media coverage. The affect of the media in this situation also creates numerous discussions by the Kennedy administration in building up anti-Diem forces in Saigon and consequently implementing the coup to remove Diem from office. The new government in Vietnam took on a very different approach to the media and wished not to come under heavy criticism from the press. In a memorandum from Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Special Assistant to the Under Secretary in 1963, it highlighted the South Vietnamese government has: In part, fear of criticism in the foreign press has inclined the new government to lean over backwards as regards press freedom. Also, there is some suspicion that those with power over the press are using it selectively against preferred targets. In any case, the performance of the press has not improved matters greatly and some better balance between freedom and license is urgently needed. This would highlight that the media has directly affected policies of the South Vietnamese government. The fact that this is reported within the Kennedy administration could show that this concern may have effected communications with the American government and South Vietnamese government. The Media and United States Government:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There appears to be great tension between the government officials and the media during the Vietnam War, McMahon stresses that the President Nixon, Johnson and Kennedy all believed that the press was their worse enemy. Herring and Robinson equally refer to how the media was opposed to the American Government. This is due to the growing criticism of the media on the Government which is at its height between 1968 and 1972. Although it is argued by Edmonds that the media had no effect on the policy making of American administration, it is clear from a memorandum from the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Special Assistant to the Under Secretary in 1963, that the press do have an effect on morale, The N.Y Times editorial and Reston and Lippmann columns on the subject were a body blow to morale in Saigon. This therefore shows that the government are aware that the media do have an effect on opinions on the war, a nd consequently this would be addressed in future policies in the Vietnam War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further evidence that the media have an effect on the American and Vietnamese public can also be found in the notes of a meeting in 1968 between Secretary McNamara, President Johnson, General Wheeler, Clark Clifford, CIA Director Helms and Walt Rostow on the topic of proposed action beyond the Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) into North Vietnam. The comments made in the discussion reveal that decisions would consider how the press would report on the matter and how best to release the information into the press. Therefore this would indicate that the American government were definitely affected by the press coverage and that the press could easily control the success or failures of the war. CIA Director Helms is quoted to have said; It is a great thing if you can keep it out of the hands of the press, which would reinforce this theory. Kovach recognises that new technological advances pose new problems for the elite, as each new technology has allowed untrained voices to comment on discussions, which he believes should only be debated by elites. Resentment from the media towards the government would have become much more erratic had the government prevented their coverage of the Vietnam War, and possibly cre

Essay --

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between types of compensation towards employee’s loyalty among administrative support personnel in selected banking industry at Klang Valley. Other than that, this section briefly described the processes and included research questions regarding the relationship between types of compensation towards employee’s loyalty among administrative support personnel in selected banking industry at Klang Valley. In addition, this chapter will described the technique and methods that was used to accomplish the objectives of this research, which include the research design, sampling frame, population, sampling technique, sample size, unit of analysis, data collection procedures, instrument, validity of instrument and data analysis. Research Design The research design used for this research is descriptive, using nonexperimental research method. According to Salkind (2003) descriptive research describes the characteristics of an existing phenomenon. Descriptive research design is used when one wants to get information on the present status of a person or an object. It is used to describe what is in presence in respect to conditions or variables that are found in a given situation. In addition, Salkind (2003) also stressed that several benefits of descriptive design such as enables a more in-depth examination of particular situation compared than other research design. In this research, the researcher focus on the relationship between types of organizational fringe benefits towards employee loyalty among administrative support personnel in selected banking industry of Klang Valley. Sampling Frame The sampling frame that the researcher will u... ...formation had been received will make more strong result. The other part that had been include during distribute the questionnaire is a cover later. The cover letter is one of important information that had been including in the questionnaire. The purpose for include the cover letter is to explain the objective of this research. The questionnaire had been distributed to every staff in the organization. Plan for data analysis Each result of the questionnaire response will be examined for completeness before being entered into data analysis system. After that, the data collected will be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. SPSS will be used as the analysis tool because this research used a structured questionnaire and it is also purposely used to provide a broad range of capabilities for the entire analytical processes.

The Roles of Anglo-Saxon Women Essay -- Women Females Roles Essays

The Roles of Anglo-Saxon Women The roles Anglo-Saxon women played in their society depended on the status they had in their community. As in most cultures, the roles of women in Anglo-Saxon society included mother, wife, caregiver, and teacher. Because Anglo-Saxon women had many different roles, I will only focus here on marriage, divorce, and their daily life in their society. Where marriage was concerned, Anglo-Saxon women had the possibility of marrying anyone they chose. Sometimes marriages were arranged to keep peace between two clans, but the women still had the right to refuse the proposal. Since women could own land in this early culture, morgengifu (morning gifs) like land were given to a prospective the wife to persuade her to marry. Because husband and wife, if they wer...

Life Sciences Paper 1

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES P1 FEBRUARY/MARCH 2011 MARKS: 150 TIME: 2? hours This question paper consists of 14 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 2 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions. 1. Answer ALL the questions. 2. Write ALL the answers in your ANSWER BOOK. 3. Start the answers to EACH question at the top of a NEW page. 4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper. 5. Present your answers according to the instructions of each question. . Do ALL drawings in pencil and label them in blue or black ink. 7. Draw diagrams or flow charts only when asked to do so. 8. The diagrams in this question paper are NOT necessarily drawn to scale. 9. Do NOT use graph paper. 10. You may use a non-programmable calculator, protractor and a compass. 11. Write neatly and legibly. Copyright reserved Please turn o ver Life Sciences/P1 3 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 SECTION A QUESTION 1 1. 1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A – D) next to the question number (1. 1. 1 – 1. . 6) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1. 1. 7 D. 1. 1. 1 The process in which male gametes are formed in humans is called †¦ A B C D 1. 1. 2 When the first child of two parents, without any visible genetic disorder, was born, the child was found to have a serious genetic disorder. The parents were told that a recessive gene had caused the disorder, and that only one pair of genes was involved. If they had a second child this child †¦ A B C D 1. 1. 3 was certain to have the disorder. had a 1 in 2 chance of having the disorder. had a 1 in 4 chance of having the disorder. no chance of having the disorder.Below is a set of steps following fertilisation in humans. Which is the CORRECT order of events? 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Copyright reserved vasectomy. spermatogenesis. oogenesis. mitosis. The embryo is embedded in the uterine wall in humans. A zygote is formed in the Fallopian tube. Cell division occurs to form a ball of several hundred cells. The blastocyst remains free for several days in the uterus. 2, 3, 4, 1 2, 1, 3, 4 3, 2, 4, 1 1, 3, 2, 4 Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 4 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 QUESTIONS 1. 1. 4 and 1. 1. 5 refer to the graph below which shows the growth of the follicle and the ovarian hormone levels.Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle Growth of follicle B A Ovarian hormone levels 0 1. 1. 4 21 28 Progesterone and LH FSH and LH Oestrogen and progesterone Oestrogen and FSH What is the follicle called after day 14? A B C D 1. 1. 6 14 Which hormones are represented by A and B? A B C D 1. 1. 5 7 Primary follicle Graafian follicle Secondary follicle Corpus luteum A ring of DNA (plasmid) is taken from a bacterial cell to produce insulin. The steps which f ollow are NOT in the correct order below. 1. The gene for insulin is removed from a cell of a human pancreas. 2. The bacteria make clones of themselves and produce nsulin. 3. The insulin gene is put into the plasmid and into a new bacterial cell. 4. The bacterial plasmid is cut using enzymes. The CORRECT order of the steps is †¦ A B C D Copyright reserved 3, 2, 4, 3. 3, 2, 4, 3. 4, 1, 3, 2. 4, 2, 1, 3. (6 x 2) Please turn over (12) Life Sciences/P1 1. 2 5 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the question number (1. 2. 1 – 1. 2. 7) in the ANSWER BOOK. 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 An arrangement of black bars representing DNA fragments that can be used to determine whether people are related 1. . 3 Structure in the sperm cell containing enzymes that break down the membrane of the ovum 1. 2. 4 The release of an ovum from a follicle 1. 2. 5 The period from fertilisation to birth 1. 2. 6 The tu be that transports the sperm from the testis to the urethra 1. 2. 7 1. 3 All the genes in all the chromosomes of a particular species A hormone produced in females to stimulate milk production (7) Indicate whether each of the statements in COLUMN I applies to A only, B only, both A and B or none of the items in COLUMN II. Write A only, B only, both A and B, or none next to the question number (1. 3. 1 – 1. 3. ) in the ANSWER BOOK. COLUMN I 1. 3. 1 Possible ways of improving of fertility 1. 3. 2 Forms the placenta 1. 3. 3 Having a single set of chromosomes 1. 3. 4 Sexually-transmitted disease(s) caused by bacteria 1. 3. 5 Technique used to determine abnormalities of the foetus COLUMN II A: Artificial insemination B: In vitro fertilisation A: Amnion B: Chorion A: Diploid B: Haploid A: Syphilis B: HIV A: Ultrasound B: Amniocentesis (5 x 2) Copyright reserved Please turn over (10) Life Sciences/P1 1. 4 6 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 When a stigma is ripe, it secretes a fluid w hich stimulates pollen grains to grow tubes.The fluid contains sugar. Zama wanted to investigate the following question: How does the concentration of sugar affect the number of pollen grains that germinate/form pollen tubes in flowers? She designed the following investigation. †¢ She took 5 cavity slides. cover slip cavity slide solution with pollen grains †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The first slide she filled with distilled water. The second slide she filled with a 5% sugar solution. The third slide she filled with a 10% sugar solution. The fourth slide she filled with a 15% sugar solution. The fifth slide she filled with a 20% sugar solution.She transferred the same number of pollen grains from the anthers of a flower into each cavity of the five slides. A cover slip was gently lowered onto the slide. All five slides were placed in a warm incubator and left for one hour. Each slide was then examined under a microscope and the number of pollen tubes in each slide was coun ted and recorded in the table below. Concentration of sugar solution (%) 0 5 10 15 20 Number of pollen tubes 0 7 11 15 21 1. 4. 1 Explain why Zama used distilled water in the first cavity slide. (2) 1. 4. 2 State THREE ways in which this investigation would be improved to get more reliable results. 3) 1. 4. 3 Copyright reserved Describe a conclusion for the above investigation. (2) (7) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 1. 5 7 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 The diagram below represents a karyotype of a human cell. 1 6 2 3 7 13 14 19 20 4 8 9 10 15 11 16 21 5 12 17 22 18 23 1. 5. 1 How many chromosomes are present in this karyotype? (1) 1. 5. 2 Is this karyotype that of a man or a woman? (1) 1. 5. 3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1. 5. 2. (2) 1. 5. 4 Describe how the karyotype of a person with Down's syndrome will be different from the karyotype shown in the diagram above. Copyright reservedPlease turn over (2) (6) Life Sciences/P1 1. 6 8 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 St udy the pedigree diagram of a family where some individuals have haemophilia. Haemophilia is a sex-linked disorder. Use H for normal blood clotting and h for the haemophiliac trait. Peter Andrew Millicent Henry Enid David Priscilla Goliath Key Normal female Anele Male haemophiliac Clarence Normal male 1. 6. 1 1. 6. 2 From the pedigree diagram above, state the relationship between gender and haemophilia. (2) Write down all the possible genotypes of individuals: (a) Peter (b) Enid (c) Clarence (6) (8) TOTAL SECTION A: Copyright reservedPlease turn over 50 Life Sciences/P1 9 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 SECTION B QUESTION 2 2. 1 Study the following diagrams representing different phases of meiosis. A C B Diagram 1 Diagram 2 2. 1. 1 Diagram 4 (3) Label structures A, B and C. 2. 1. 2 Diagram 3 Which phase is represented by: (a) 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 Copyright reserved (1) (b) 2. 1. 3 Diagram 1 Diagram 2 (1) Write down the numbers of the diagrams to show the correct sequence in which the pha ses occur. (2) Tabulate THREE differences between the first and second stages of meiosis. (7) Name and explain TWO processes/mechanisms that ensure that he gametes produced at the end of meiosis are genetically different from each other. Please turn over (4) (18) Life Sciences/P1 2. 2 10 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 The diagrams below represent the process of protein synthesis. M O N UC A G G C A C A P Z UGU Q UC AGGCACA R X 2. 2. 1 Identify compound M and organelle R. (2) 2. 2. 2 Write down the sequence of the FIRST THREE nitrogenous bases on the DNA strand that led to the formation of Z. (2) 2. 2. 3 Name the part/stage of protein synthesis that is illustrated in O. (1) 2. 2. 4 The table below shows the base triplets of DNA and the amino acid each codes for.Base triplet of DNA AGT CCG TGT GTA CAA TCC ACA Copyright reserved Amino acid coded for Serine Glycine Threonine Histidine Valine Arginine Cysteine Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 11 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 With ref erence to the diagram in QUESTION 2. 2 and the table above: (a) Name the amino acid labelled P. (2) (b) State the base sequence of the molecule labelled Q. (2) (c) What name is given to the triplet of tRNA bases that codes for each amino acid? (1) (d) Describe how the composition of the protein molecule changes if the base sequence at X is UGU instead of UCA. (2) (12) 30] QUESTION 3 3. 1 The diagram below represents the female reproductive system. X A Y B D C 3. 1. 1 Label structures A, B and C. (3) 3. 1. 2 State THREE functions of D. (3) 3. 1. 3 Fertilisation usually takes place at Y. Why will a blockage at X: (a) Prevent fertilisation at Y (b) Not necessarily lead to infertility Copyright reserved (1) (2) (9) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3. 2 12 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow. MALE CONTRACEPTIVE CHEMICAL Gossypol is a chemical which is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants.When gossypol was given to rats, mice , dogs and monkeys, it caused a reduction in the fertility of the male animals by reducing their sperm count. Scientists wanted to investigate the idea that gossypol could be used as a human male contraceptive. [Adapted from: Liffen and Liffen, 1987] 3. 2. 1 State a hypothesis for the investigation that scientists wanted to do. (3) 3. 2. 2 State FOUR planning steps that must be followed by researchers before the investigation above is undertaken on humans. (4) 3. 2. 3 In the investigation above, name the following: (a) (1) (b) 3. 2. 4 Dependent variable Independent variable (1)Explain ONE reason why some people might: (a) (2) (b) Copyright reserved Support research on male contraception Object to research on male contraception (2) (13) Please turn over Life Sciences/P1 3. 3 13 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 Study the diagram of a flower below and answer the questions that follow. D A B E C 3. 3. 1 Label parts A, B and D. (3) 3. 3. 2 Describe how the male gamete reaches the ovum aft er pollination. (3) 3. 3. 3 What do the following structures develop into after fertilisation: (a) Structure C (1) (b) Structure E (1) (8) [30] TOTAL SECTION B: Copyright reserved Please turn over 60 Life Sciences/P1 14 NSC DBE/Feb. Mar. 2011 SECTION C QUESTION 4 4. 1 Explain THREE advantages of using genetically modified organisms as food. 4. 2 The table below shows the percentage frequency of human blood groups in the populations of two different cities in South Africa. (6) Human blood groups % frequency in population City 1 City 2 A 25 45 B 20 10 AB 10 5 O 45 40 4. 2. 1 Which blood group has: (a) 4. 3 (1) (b) 4. 2. 2 The highest frequency in City 1 The lowest frequency in City 2 (1) Plot the data in the table as bar graphs on the same system of axes. (10) (12) The diagram below shows a crossing between a homozygous black mouse and a homozygous white mouse.The F1-generation was all black. Male Female P1 X F1 1 2 3 4 Use the symbols B and b for the alleles of fur colour and show di agrammatically a genetic cross between mouse 1 and mouse 3 to show the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the next generation (F2). 4. 4 Clones are a group of genetically identical organisms. Explain THREE advantages and THREE disadvantages with reasons of cloning. Synthesis: NOTE: (12) (3) (15) NO marks will be awarded for answers in the form of flow charts or diagrams. TOTAL SECTION C: GRAND TOTAL: Copyright reserved (7) 40 150